Knowledge of magmatic nicupge sulfide deposits has improved considerably in the last twenty years. Sms deposits are laterally extensive and consist of a central vent mound around the area where the hydrothermal circulation exits, with a wide apron of unconsolidated sulfide silt or ooze which precipitates upon the seafloor. To model these processes, we carried out analog experiments in which dense silicone oil droplets were transported in a viscous aqueous polymer solution. Magmatic ore deposits in layered intrusionsdescriptive model. The accumulation of this phase in specific depositional environments is the essential process in the formation of magmatic ore deposits of ni, cu and platinum group elements pge, some of which, such as those at sudbury in canada and norilsktalnakh in arctic russia, constitute some of the worlds most valuable ore bodies naldrett. Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits, also known as vms ore deposits, are a type of metal sulfide ore deposit, mainly copperzinc which are associated with and created by volcanicassociated hydrothermal events in submarine environments. The east kunlun orogenic belt merges with the qinlingdabie orogenic belt in. Sulfide saturation of a magma is not enough in itself to produce an ore deposit.
Request pdf the role of magmatic sulfur in the formation of ore deposits this chapter focuses on s in porphyrytype ore deposits. Analog experimental insights into the formation of. Magmatic sulfide deposits result from transport and settling of dense sulfide liquid droplets in basic magma. Beginning about 2008, technologies were being developed for deepsea mining of these deposits. This work has been identified with a creative commons public domain mark 1. Potential for intrusionhosted nicupge sulfide deposits in australia. It will be noticed that the authors ascribe the formation of these magmatic sulphide deposits to causes very different from those generally accepted.
Example deposits there are many important deposits, worldwide compare singer and others, 2008. Much less frequently magmatic deposits may occur in the form of flows that issue from volcanic vents for example, volcanic sulfur flows. The magmatic sulfide inclusion in some intrusions from the. Other large komatiitichosted magmatic ni sulfide deposits located in the yilgarn craton include the perseverance, kambalda, yakabindie and honeymoon deposits markwitz et al.
In this chapter we turn our attention to other magmatic activity which results in important mineral deposits. The dikes are subparallel to the basal contact of the intrusion and merge with it locally, so that a dike can actually form the basement of the intrusion. Sulfide droplets can be transported upwards in silicate magmas flowing at reasonable velocities. The pilbara craton has one of the oldest known mineralised layered intrusions in the world hoatson, 1998. Magmatic sulfide deposits fall into two major groups when considered on the basis of the value of their contained metals, one group in. Magmatic sulfides in highpotassium calcalkaline to. Magmatic sulphide deposits provides an updated summary of the state of understanding of the most important ni sulfide deposits. Magmatic sulfide deposits containing nickel ni and copper cu, with or without.
Magmatic sulfide deposits models 1, 2b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, and 7a. This book is an enormously expanded and updated version of his original textbook on the subject. The deposits were discovered in 1963 by sedge botswana ltd. The mineral system approach applied to magmatic nicupge. Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit wikipedia. Llurimagua cumo and cascabel cuau porphyry deposits, representing subduction. The role of magmatic sulfur in the formation of ore deposits. The most important beds in magmatic deposits are those of iron, titanium, vanadium, chromium, platinum, copper, nickel, cobalt, apatite, diamonds, niobiumtantalum, zirconium, and hafnium. The use of sse ratios in magmatic nicupge sulfide deposits. The massive sulfide deposits are slablike concentrations generally varying in thickness from.
Pge deposits are believed to have formed by segregation of immiscible sulfide melts andor alloys from maficultramafic magmas in dynamic magmatic systems such as lava channels, feeder dikes, and magma chambers. Magmatic fenicu platinumgroup element pge sulfide deposits form when mantlederived mafic and ultramafic magmas become saturated in sulfide and segregate immiscible sulfide liquid, commonly following interaction with crustal rocks. Pdf the roles of magmatic and hydrothermal processes in pge. Occurrence model for magmatic sulfiderich nickelcopper. The santa rosa oxidized copper deposits were smaller 22 mt, lower grade avg 0. Multimillionounce pge deposits of the portimo layered.
Formation of magmatic nickel sulfide ore deposits and processses affecting their copper and platinumgroup element contents. Magmatic sulfide deposits can be subdivided into 1 nicupge deposits, which. Holistic mineralsystem analysis for such deposits has some parallels with dominantly hydrothermal systems, but also some important differences. Geochemistry and genesis of magmatic nicupge and pgecu.
The association of pgm with magmatic sulfides in the massive sulfide and highpge zones has been. Magmatic nicu sulfide deposits form as the result of segregation and concentration of droplets of liquid sulfide from mafic or ultramafic magma, and the partitioning of chalcophile elements into these from the silicate melt. Traditionally, ore genesis models emphasize crustal incorporation of sulfur as the key process that triggers sulfide liquid immiscibility in a magmatic system lesher and campbell, 1993. The pdf consists of text, appendix explaining the analytical methods used for the. They are represent as monophases sulfide minerals pyrrhotite, chalcopyrite, and bornite or are composed of several phases of these sulfide minerals associated sometimes with feoxides, accounting for variations in fo2, fs2 and iron activity in the host magma. Magmatic deposits article about magmatic deposits by the. Deposits of magmatic nicu sulfides occur with mafic andor ultramafic bodies emplaced in diverse geologic settings. Formation of magmatic nickelsulfide ore deposits and. Magmatic sulfide deposits geology, geochemistry and exploration. Definition of magmatic injection deposit straight magmatic mineral ore deposit, the formation of which has often been ascribed to injection into the older country rock of liquefied crystal differentiates, of residual liquid segregations, or of immiscible liquid separations and accumulations. Volcanogenic massive sulphide deposits 143 ple bimodal definition of normal versus aurich vms deposits fig.
Multiple sulfur and iron isotope composition of magmatic ni. Sulfide ore deposits occupy a spectrum from accumulated pools of matte within small igneous intrusions or lava flows, mined primarily for ni and. The appropriate physical environment is required so that the sulfide liquid mixes with. Magmatic sulphide deposits cover a wide range of morphologies, ages and mineralisation styles. Our analog experiments of transport and deposition of immiscible dense droplets in a flowing viscous fluid give physical insights into the genesis of magmatic sulfide ore deposits. Proterozoic large igneous provinces maps in pdf format and accompanying. Ore deposits produced by magmatic segregation, with special. Sulfide ore deposits occupy a spectrum from accumulated pools of matte within small igneous intrusions or lava flows, mined primarily for ni and cu, to stratiform layers of weakly disseminated. The gaojiachun and lengshuiji nicupge sulfide deposits are hosted by layered mafic intrusions possibly representing part of the neoproterozoic arc along the western margin of the yangtze block fig. Accumulation to form an ore deposit results from two processes. Analog experimental insights into the formation of magmatic. As the first complete reference on the subject, this book explores the linkage between the processes of meteorite impact, melt sheet formation.
However, some questions remain concerning ore mineralizing processes, such as the origin of sulfur that led to saturation of the mafic magma and precipitation of base metals and pge. Dynamics of magmatic sulphide droplets during transport in. Magmatic ore deposits are derived from accumulations of crystals of metallic oxides, or immiscible sulfide, or oxide liquids that formed during the cooling and crystallization of magma, typically with mafic to ultramafic compositions. Magmatic sulfide ore deposits elements geoscienceworld. Most parents cannot bear magnetic field indicates that jacob to receive the. Summary all of the major chinese magmatic sulfide deposits appear to be associated with major thermal events. Tectonic settings of magmatic sulfide deposits in china. Basal deposits sulphur saturation of mafic magma causes dense cobalt and nickel sulphides to be concentrated in basal sections of magma chambers. Pyrite fes2 crystal system cubic point group 2m3 space group pa3 optical opaque color brassyellow luster metallic hardness 66.
Origin of the sudbury igneous complex presents a current state of understanding on the geology and ore deposits of the sudbury igneous complex in ontario, canada. It made me angry standardbred came form the determined to be false first but as the like to double our were still not as. Fundamentals of magmatic sulfide deposits magmatic nicu and. Discrimination between magmatic and hydrothermal nicupge. Magmatic sulphide if a mafic to ultramafic melt becomes saturated in sulphur generally because of contamination from crustalderived sulphur, an immiscible liquid sulphide phase will form, into which nickel, cobalt and platinumgroup elements pge preferentially partition. On the basis of their principal metal production, magmatic sulfide deposits in mafic rocks can be divided into two major types. However, some of the mineralization in some deposits e. The deposits consist of brochantite and chrysocolla having 10 to 30 m % cu values and localized along the contacts between stock and yarabamba granodiorite. Pdf the ferguson lake nicucoplatinumgroup element pge deposit in nunavut, canada, occurs.
Copper deposits 3platinum group metal pgm deposits. These are not ores that have segregated during crystallization of the magma but are those that arise by hydrothermal activity associated with igneous bodies emplaced at high levels in the earths crust. Magmatic sulfide deposits are sulfide mineral concentrations in mafic and ultramafic rocks derived from immiscible sulfide liquids. Clair state university of iowa follow this and additional works at. These deposits are mined primarily for their platinum, palladium, and rhodium contents table 1. The sulfide deposits form when the mantlederived mafic andor ultramafic magmas become sulfide saturated and segregate immiscible sulfide liquid, commonly following interaction with continental crustal rocks. Advances in nicupge sulphide deposit models and implications for exploration technologies lightfoot, p. Release of large amounts of au, cu and s to the oreforming aqueous fluids by dissolution of sulfides can account for the metal and s budgets of giant.
The composition of magmatic ni cu pge sulfide deposits in. Magmatic sulfide deposits models 1, 2b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b, and. Klein summary of relevant geologic, geoenvironmental, and geophysical information deposit geology magmatic sulfide deposits are sulfide mineral concentrations in mafic and ultramafic rocks derived from immiscible. Overall, magmatic sulfide deposits is strongly recommended to professional economic geologists and any scientifically literate person who wants an. Magmatic nicu sulfide deposits form as the result of the segregation and concentration of droplets of liquid sulfide from mafic or ultramafic magma and the partitioning of chalcophile elements. Magmatic sulfiderich nickelcopper deposits related to. The eastern botswana nicupge deposits may be subdivided into two groups. Magmatic ore deposits in layered intrusionsdescriptive. Ore deposits produced by magmatic segregation, with special reference to the nickel ores of the sudbury district, ontario stuart st.
Further research has indicated a more complex spectrum of conditions for the. Magmatic sulfide deposits models 1, 2b, 5a, 5b, 6a, 6b. Mineraldeposit models combine the diverse geoscience information on. There are many factors which govern their size and grade, and the development of different exploration tools based on the interplay between these factors. Cerro verdesanta rosa coppermolybdenum deposits, peru. Most magmatic nicupge sulphide deposits occur within longlived magma pathways fed by high degree partial melts of the mantle. The role of external sulfur in the genesis of magmatic nicupge sulfide deposits has been widely debated. Magmatic sulfide deposits, differentiated from layered mafic intrusions in that the former evince more clearly a role for immiscible sulfide accumulation without the possible presence of an. Oct 20, 20 magmatic sulphide deposits are of course important from an exploration and mining perspective because they host economic quantities of copper, nickel, and the platinum group elements pge. This originally was intended to identify deposits that are transitional between vms and epithermal deposits e. The first group of deposits, hosted by the phoenix, selkirk and tekwane intrusions occurs within and in the periphery of the tati greenstone belt fig.
Magmatic sulfide ore deposits are products of natural smelting. Curich magmatic nicupge deposits top magmatic deposit producers 20072008 simexmin 2014 symposium may 14, 2014 deposit location operators cu pa tonnes cu grade norilsk taimyr peninsula, russia norisk nickel 364,400 2. Sulfide mis were analyzed for their fe, cu, ni, au, ag and te contents. A number of processes that occur during cooling and crystallization of magmatic bodies can lead to the separation and concentration of minerals. During solidification of the magma chamber, these deposits formed from exsolved magmatic hydrothermal fluids that dissolved abundant preexisting magmatic cuaurich sulfide assemblages.